Japanese Phonology: Difference between revisions

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{{About explanation}}

[[File:Miyuki remembering.png|thumb|200px|right|[[Takara Miyuki]] speaks Japanese.]]

Japanese is a mora-timed pitch-accent language with a restrictive phonology.

Mora-timed languages consist of suprasegmental units called ''morae'', where each mora takes about the same amount of time to pronounce. In Japanese, a vowel with an optionally preceding consonant takes up one mora, with the moraic {{Phoneme|ja|ɴ}} and geminate consonants adding an additional mora. ''Kana'' generally represent a single mora each.

== Consonants ==

The phonemic inventory largely corresponds to the ten consonantal rows in the {{lang|ja-Latn|gojūon}}. The consonants have several allophones, which is reflected in Hepburn romanization.

{|class=bordered
{|class=bordered
|+Phonemic consonants in Tokyo dialect.
|+Phonemic consonants in Tokyo dialect.
Line 4: Line 16:
|-
|-
!Plosive
!Plosive
|p {{Right|b}}
|{{IPA|ja|p}} {{Right|{{IPA|ja|b}}}}
| class="nocol" |t {{Right|d}}
| class="nocol" |{{IPA|ja|t}} {{Right|{{IPA|ja|d}}}}
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
|||||k {{Right|ɡ}}||||
|||||{{IPA|ja|k}} {{Right|{{IPA|ja|ɡ}}}}||||
|-
|-
!Affricate
!Affricate
|
|
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |tˢ||||||||||
| class="nocol" |{{IPA|ja|t<sup>s</sup>}}||||||||||
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|{{Right|m}}
|{{Right|{{IPA|ja|m}}}}
| class="nocol" |{{Right|n}}
| class="nocol" |{{Right|{{IPA|ja|n}}}}
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
|||||||{{Right|ɴ}}||
|||||||{{Right|{{IPA|ja|ɴ}}}}||
|-
|-
!Flap
!Flap
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|
|
|
|
|{{Right|ɽ}}||||||||
|{{Right|{{IPA|ja|ɽ}}}}||||||||
|-
|-
!Fricative
!Fricative
|
|
|
|
|s {{Right|z}}||||||||||h
|{{IPA|ja|s}} {{Right|{{IPA|ja|z}}}}||||||||||{{IPA|ja|h}}
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Approximant
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| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
| class="nocol" |
|||{{Right|j}}||{{Right|w}}||||
|||{{Right|{{IPA|ja|j}}}}||{{Right|{{IPA|ja|w}}}}||||
|}
|}


* /p, t, tˢ, k/ are moderately aspirated
* {{Phoneme|ja|p, t, tˢ, k}} are moderately aspirated
* /tˢ/ is geminated as /ttˢ/
* {{Phoneme|ja|tˢ}} is geminated as {{Phoneme|ja|ttˢ}}
* /b/ is typically realized as {{Phone|ja|b}}, but can become {{Phone|ja|β}} or {{Phone|ja|v̠}} in rapid speech.
* {{Phoneme|ja|b}} is typically realized as {{Phone|ja|b}}, but can become {{Phone|ja|β}} or {{Phone|ja|v̠}} in rapid speech.
* /ɡ/ often becomes {{Phone|ja|ɣ}} intervocalically. It becomes {{Phone|ja|ŋ}} medially in older speakers, with some exceptions.
* {{Phoneme|ja|ɡ}} often becomes {{Phone|ja|ɣ}} intervocalically. It becomes {{Phone|ja|ŋ}} medially in older speakers, with some exceptions.
* /ɽ/ is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate {{Phone|ja|d̠<sup>ɹ̝̆</sup>}} initially and after /ɴ/. It may be postalveolar {{Phone|ja|l̠}} in any position. Sometimes it may be approximant {{Phone|ja|ɹ}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|ɽ}} is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate {{Phone|ja|d̠<sup>ɹ̝̆</sup>}} initially and after {{Phoneme|ja|ɴ}}. It may be postalveolar {{Phone|ja|l̠}} in any position. Sometimes it may be approximant {{Phone|ja|ɹ}}.
* Phonemic /tˢ/ is normally realized as a cluster {{Phone|ja|ts}}. It is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|tɕ}} before /i/.
* Phonemic {{Phoneme|ja|tˢ}} is normally realized as a cluster {{Phone|ja|ts}}.
* /n/ is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|ɲ̟}} before /i/. Some speakers realize it as alveolar before /u/.
* Some speakers realize {{Phoneme|ja|n}} as alveolar before {{Phoneme|ja|u}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|ɴ}}, the moraic nasal, has variable realization. Word-finally, it is usually a uvular nasal consonant, or a close to close-mid nasal vowel. Before a vowel, approximant, {{Phoneme|ja|s}}, or {{Phoneme|ja|h}}, it is typically a close to close-mid nasal vowel. Before other consonants, it takes on the same place of articulation.
⚫
* Consonants are strongly palatalized before /i/; /Ci/ typically becomes {{Phone|ja|Cʲi}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|z}} is typically {{Phone|ja|<sup>d</sup>z}} initially and after {{Phoneme|ja|ɴ}}.
* /ɴ/, the moraic nasal, has variable realization.
* {{Phoneme|ja|h}} is realized as {{Phone|ja|ɸ}} before {{Phoneme|ja|u}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|hh}} is intervocallically realized as {{Phone|ja|xx}}. It is intervocallically realized as {{Phone|ja|ɸɸ}} before {{Phoneme|ja|u}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|w}} has little to no rounding, except after {{Phoneme|ja|o}}, and has no spreading.

=== Palatalization ===

All consonants are strongly palatalized before {{Phoneme|ja|i}} or {{Phoneme|ja|j}}, and the latter is absorbed into the consonant.

⚫
* {{Phoneme|ja|Ci, Cj}} typically becomes {{Phone|ja|Cʲi, Cʲ}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|tˢ}} is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|tɕ}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|n}} is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|ɲ̟}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|s, z}} are palatalized to {{Phone|ja|ɕ, ʑ}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|z}} initially is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|<sup>d</sup>ʑ}}.
* {{Phoneme|ja|h, hh}} is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|ç, çç}}.

== Vowels ==

Japanese has five vowels.

{|class="bordered" style="text-align:center;"
|+Phonemic vowels in Tokyo dialect.
!!!Front!!Back
|-
!Close
|i||u
|-
!Mid
|e||o
|-
!Open
|colspan="2"|a
|}

* {{Phoneme|ja|u}} resembles {{Phone|ja|ɯ}}. It is compressed, unrounded, without spreading: narrowly {{Phone|ja|ü̜̞}} or {{Phone|ja|ɯ̹̞̈}}. It may be {{Phone|ja|ɨ}} among younger speakers.
* {{Phoneme|ja|i, u}} are devoiced {{Phone|ja|i̥, u̥}} between voiceless consonants. Preceding fricatives may entirely replace them.
* {{Phoneme|ja|su}} is often realized as {{Phone|ja|s}}

== Tone ==

Japanese is a pitch-accent language. The first mora of a word is either high or low pitch, and the second mora is the opposite pitch. High pitch is represented with an acute accent: {{Phoneme|ja|á}}. A high mora within a word will make preceding morae in that word high-pitched.


{{Bibliography|
{{Bibliography|
<li>Okada, Hideo. "Japanese." In ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association''. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
<li>Okada, Hideo. &ldquo;Japanese.&rdquo; In ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association''. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 20:41, 29 November 2025

“Well, I guess I’ll ask Miyuki-san about things that I don’t know.” (Lucky Star Volume 1, p. 119.)

This article explains a topic not directly related to Lucky Star.

Takara Miyuki speaks Japanese.

Japanese is a mora-timed pitch-accent language with a restrictive phonology.

Mora-timed languages consist of suprasegmental units called morae, where each mora takes about the same amount of time to pronounce. In Japanese, a vowel with an optionally preceding consonant takes up one mora, with the moraic /ɴ/ and geminate consonants adding an additional mora. Kana generally represent a single mora each.

Consonants

The phonemic inventory largely corresponds to the ten consonantal rows in the gojūon. The consonants have several allophones, which is reflected in Hepburn romanization.

Phonemic consonants in Tokyo dialect.
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive p
b
 t
d
 k
ɡ
Affricate ts
Nasal
m
n
ɴ
Flap
ɽ
Fricative s
z
 h
Approximant
j
w
  • /p, t, tˢ, k/ are moderately aspirated
  • /tˢ/ is geminated as /ttˢ/
  • /b/ is typically realized as [b], but can become [β] or [v̠] in rapid speech.
  • /ɡ/ often becomes [ɣ] intervocalically. It becomes [ŋ] medially in older speakers, with some exceptions.
  • /ɽ/ is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate [d̠ɹ̝̆] initially and after /ɴ/. It may be postalveolar [l̠] in any position. Sometimes it may be approximant [ɹ].
  • Phonemic /tˢ/ is normally realized as a cluster [ts].
  • Some speakers realize /n/ as alveolar before /u/.
  • /ɴ/, the moraic nasal, has variable realization. Word-finally, it is usually a uvular nasal consonant, or a close to close-mid nasal vowel. Before a vowel, approximant, /s/, or /h/, it is typically a close to close-mid nasal vowel. Before other consonants, it takes on the same place of articulation.
  • /z/ is typically [dz] initially and after /ɴ/.
  • /h/ is realized as [ɸ] before /u/.
  • /hh/ is intervocallically realized as [xx]. It is intervocallically realized as [ɸɸ] before /u/.
  • /w/ has little to no rounding, except after /o/, and has no spreading.

Palatalization

All consonants are strongly palatalized before /i/ or /j/, and the latter is absorbed into the consonant.

  • /Ci, Cj/ typically becomes [Cʲi, Cʲ].
  • /tˢ/ is palatalized to [tɕ].
  • /n/ is palatalized to [ɲ̟].
  • /s, z/ are palatalized to [ɕ, ʑ].
  • /z/ initially is palatalized to [dʑ].
  • /h, hh/ is palatalized to [ç, çç].

Vowels

Japanese has five vowels.

Phonemic vowels in Tokyo dialect.
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
  • /u/ resembles [ɯ]. It is compressed, unrounded, without spreading: narrowly [ü̜̞] or [ɯ̹̞̈]. It may be [ɨ] among younger speakers.
  • /i, u/ are devoiced [i̥, u̥] between voiceless consonants. Preceding fricatives may entirely replace them.
  • /su/ is often realized as [s]

Tone

Japanese is a pitch-accent language. The first mora of a word is either high or low pitch, and the second mora is the opposite pitch. High pitch is represented with an acute accent: /á/. A high mora within a word will make preceding morae in that word high-pitched.

Bibliography

  • Okada, Hideo. “Japanese.” In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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