Japanese Phonology: Difference between revisions
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!Plosive |
!Plosive |
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|p b||t d||||||||k |
|p b||t d||||||||k ɡ |
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!Affricate |
!Affricate |
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* /p, t, tˢ, k/ are moderately aspirated |
* /p, t, tˢ, k/ are moderately aspirated |
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* /tˢ/ is geminated as /ttˢ/ |
* /tˢ/ is geminated as /ttˢ/ |
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* /b/ is typically realized as |
* /b/ is typically realized as {{Phone|ja|b}}, but can become {{Phone|ja|β}} or {{Phone|ja|v̠}} in rapid speech. |
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* / |
* /ɡ/ often becomes {{Phone|ja|ɣ}} intervocalically. It becomes {{Phone|ja|ŋ}} medially in older speakers, with some exceptions. |
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* /ɽ/ is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate |
* /ɽ/ is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate {{Phone|ja|d̠<sup>ɹ̝̆</sup>}} initially and after /ɴ/. It may be postalveolar {{Phone|ja|l̠}} in any position. Sometimes it may be approximant {{Phone|ja|ɹ}}. |
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* Phonemic /tˢ/ is normally realized as a cluster |
* Phonemic /tˢ/ is normally realized as a cluster {{Phone|ja|ts}}. It is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|tɕ}} before /i/. |
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* /n/ is palatalized to |
* /n/ is palatalized to {{Phone|ja|ɲ̟}} before /i/. Some speakers realize it as alveolar before /u/. |
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* Consonants are strongly palatalized before /i/; /Ci/ typically becomes |
* Consonants are strongly palatalized before /i/; /Ci/ typically becomes {{Phone|ja|Cʲi}}. |
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* /ɴ/, the moraic nasal, has variable realization. |
* /ɴ/, the moraic nasal, has variable realization. |
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Revision as of 23:50, 25 October 2025
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | tˢ | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɴ | |||||
| Flap | ɽ | |||||||
| Fricative | s z | h | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w |
- /p, t, tˢ, k/ are moderately aspirated
- /tˢ/ is geminated as /ttˢ/
- /b/ is typically realized as [b], but can become [β] or [v̠] in rapid speech.
- /ɡ/ often becomes [ɣ] intervocalically. It becomes [ŋ] medially in older speakers, with some exceptions.
- /ɽ/ is postalveolar medially. It is typically realized as an affricate [d̠ɹ̝̆] initially and after /ɴ/. It may be postalveolar [l̠] in any position. Sometimes it may be approximant [ɹ].
- Phonemic /tˢ/ is normally realized as a cluster [ts]. It is palatalized to [tɕ] before /i/.
- /n/ is palatalized to [ɲ̟] before /i/. Some speakers realize it as alveolar before /u/.
- Consonants are strongly palatalized before /i/; /Ci/ typically becomes [Cʲi].
- /ɴ/, the moraic nasal, has variable realization.
Bibliography
- Okada, Hideo. "Japanese." In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
